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- A fungus (plural: fungi) is a type of living organism that includes yeasts, molds, mushrooms and others. Fungi are a category of organism as large and varied as the animals or plants. Fungi, animals and plants are each Kingdoms of life.
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A fungus (pl.: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one of the traditional eukaryotic kingdoms,
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真菌 是 真菌界 （ 學名 ： Fungi ）下属的各种 生物 类群 的通稱，包含 酵母 和 黴菌 等 微生物 、 菇類 等肉眼可见的 多细胞体 以及 地衣 等共生體。 真菌的一大特點為以 幾丁質 為主要成分的 細胞壁 ，和無細胞壁的動物及細胞壁主成分為 纖維素 的 植物 截然不同。 真菌與動物同為 異營生物 ，需依賴其他生物所所產的有機物為碳來源，通常會以 滲透營養 的方式取得養分，即分泌大量的 酶 將環境中有機物大分子分解成小分子，再把小分子透過 擴散作用 吸入到 細胞 中。 真菌的成長型態與植物一樣不能移動，不能進行 光合作用 ，但可以透過 菌絲 的延長拓展棲地，也能透過經由有性或無性生殖產生的 孢子 進行長距離的傳播（某些孢子還具有 鞭毛 ，可在水中移動）。
2024年4月20日 · 真菌 是 真菌界 （ 學名 ： Fungi ）下屬的各種 生物 類群 的通稱，包含 酵母 和 黴菌 等 微生物 、 菇類 等肉眼可見的 多細胞體 以及 地衣 等共生體。 真菌的一大特點為以 幾丁質 為主要成分的 細胞壁 ，和無細胞壁的動物及細胞壁主成分為 纖維素 的 植物 截然不同。 真菌與動物同為 異營生物 ，需依賴其他生物所所產的有機物為碳來源，通常會以 滲透營養 的方式取得養分，即分泌大量的 酶 將環境中有機物大分子分解成小分子，再把小分子透過 擴散作用 吸入到 細胞 中。 真菌的成長型態與植物一樣不能移動，不能進行 光合作用 ，但可以透過 菌絲 的延長拓展棲地，也能透過經由有性或無性生殖產生的 孢子 進行長距離的傳播（某些孢子還具有 鞭毛 ，可在水中移動）。
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The terms "mushroom" and "toadstool" go back centuries and were never precisely defined, nor was there consensus on application. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the terms mushrom, mushrum, muscheron, mousheroms, mussheron, or musserounswere used. The term "mushroom" and its variations may have been derived from the French word mousseron in refe...
Typical mushrooms are the fruit bodies of members of the order Agaricales, whose type genus is Agaricus and type species is the field mushroom, Agaricus campestris. However in modern molecularly defined classifications, not all members of the order Agaricales produce mushroom fruit bodies, and many other gilled fungi, collectively called mushrooms,...
A mushroom develops from a nodule, or pinhead, less than two millimeters in diameter, called a primordium, which is typically found on or near the surface of the substrate. It is formed within the mycelium, the mass of threadlike hyphae that make up the fungus. The primordium enlarges into a roundish structure of interwoven hyphae roughly resemblin...
Many species of mushrooms seemingly appear overnight, growing or expanding rapidly. This phenomenon is the source of several common expressions in the English languageincluding "to mushroom" or "mushrooming" (expanding rapidly in size or scope) and "to pop up like a mushroom" (to appear unexpectedly and quickly). In reality, all species of mushroom...
Raw brown mushrooms are 92% water, 4% carbohydrates, 2% protein and less than 1% fat. In a 100 grams (3.5 ounces) amount, raw mushrooms provide 22 calories and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of B vitamins, such as riboflavin, niacin and pantothenic acid, selenium (37% DV) and copper (25% DV), and a moderate source (10-19% DV...
Edible mushrooms
Mushrooms are used extensively in cooking, in many cuisines (notably Chinese, Korean, European, and Japanese). Humans have valued them as food since antiquity. Most mushrooms sold in supermarkets have been commercially grown on mushroom farms. The most common of these, Agaricus bisporus, is considered safe for most people to eat because it is grown in controlled, sterilized environments. Several varieties of A. bisporus are grown commercially, including whites, crimini, and portobello. Other...
Toxic mushrooms
Many mushroom species produce secondary metabolites that can be toxic, mind-altering, antibiotic, antiviral, or bioluminescent. Although there are only a small number of deadly species, several others can cause particularly severe and unpleasant symptoms. Toxicity likely plays a role in protecting the function of the basidiocarp: the mycelium has expended considerable energy and protoplasmic material to develop a structure to efficiently distribute its spores. One defense against consumption...
Psychoactive mushrooms
Mushrooms with psychoactive properties have long played a role in various native medicine traditions in cultures all around the world. They have been used as sacrament in rituals aimed at mental and physical healing, and to facilitate visionary states. One such ritual is the velada ceremony. A practitioner of traditional mushroom use is the shaman or curandera(priest-healer). Psilocybin mushrooms, also referred to as psychedelic mushrooms, possess psychedelic properties. Commonly known as "ma...
Psychotropic mushroom Amanita muscaria, commonly known as "fly agaric"Boletus edulis, also known as "cep", is an edible wild boletefound in EuropeCommon puffball (Lycoperdon perlatum) has a glebal hymenium; the interior is white when it is young, but as it matures, the interior becomes brown containing sporesLiterature cited
1. Ammirati JF, Traquair JA, Horgen PA (1985). Poisonous Mushrooms of Canada: Including other Inedible Fungi. Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry & Whiteside in cooperation with Agriculture Canada and the Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada. ISBN 978-0-88902-977-4. 2. Hall IR, Stephenson SL, Buchanan PK, Yun W, Cole AL (2003). Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-586-9. 3. Stuntz DE, Largent DL, Thiers HD, Johnson...
"Mushroom" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 70–72."Toadstool" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 1035.外生菌根会形成包裹根尖的菌鞘（fungal mantle，又稱菌氈），以及包裹植物根部皮层内部细胞的 哈氏网 （ 英语 ： Hartig net ）。 在某些情况下菌丝也会穿透植物细胞，这种情况下的菌根叫做 内外生菌根（ectendomycorrhiza） 。
