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Mainly in the geometric design of road construction, mainly three sight distances are taken into consideration. They are: SSD - Stopping Sight Distance or Absolute Minimum Sight Distance. ISD - Intermediate Sight Distance: This is twice the value of SSD. OSD - Overtaking Sight Distance. Other than these we have:
The following are some of the advantages of tacheometric surveying: 1. The speed with which such a survey is conducted is quick. 2. The procedure does away with the usage of tapes and chains. As a result, it is less time-consuming. 3. It is a low-cost way of surveying. 4.
Electronic distance measurement in general is a term used as a method for distance measurement by electronic means. In this method instruments are used to measure distance that rely on propagation, reflection and reception of electromagnetic waves like radio, visible light or infrared waves. Sun light or artificially generated electromagnetic ...
The end bearing piles that are used in compressible soils must be spaced at a minimum of 2.5d and a spacing of 3.5d (Maximum)for those piles placed on less compressible or stiff clay soil. The Indian Road Congress specifies a minimum spacing of 3d or a distance equal to pile perimeter for the friction piles.
Shear center is a point on the beam-section where the application of loads does not cause its twisting. The shear center position is dependent on the cross-section of the beam. For instance, shear center and center of gravity are the same in a symmetrical section, but it may not coincide with the centroid in case of an unsymmetrical cross-section.
The distance between two reinforced columns ranges between 3-4 m for small buildings and 6-9 m for sizable facilities where large columns and free spaces are required. For ordinary structures, a distance of 5 m is appropriate, and the maximum span is 7.5, while the minimum is 2.5 m. It should be known that any distance between two columns can ...
Calculation of lag distance. Let us assume vehicle is travelling “V m/s” & “t seconds” is the total reaction time of driver. t = perception time +break reaction time (Note: it is obtained from PIEV theory P=perception, I=intellection, E=emission, V=volition) According to IRC t = 2.5 seconds Therefore Lag distance L1 = V.t = 2.5.V meters.
A contour interval in surveying is the vertical distance or the difference in the elevation between the two contour lines in a topographical map. Usually there are different contour intervals for the different maps. Considering the size of the area to be mapped, contour intervals are assumed. In every map, on the right-hand bottom side, the ...
Since V u, at distance (d) =335.65 KN> V c =148.426 KN, Therefore shear reinforcement is required. V s,required = V u, at distance (d) - V c = 335.65-148.426= 187.22 KN , Stirrups should be designed to withstand this amount of shear force which is in excess of shear strength of concrete.
Lap Length for Compression Bars. The lap length for compression lap splice is calculated as per ACI 12.16.1 as; ls = 0.0005fy (d) ; [ For fy less than or equal to 60,000psi] ls = (0.0009fy - 24)d; [ For fy > 60,000 psi] The minimum lap length for compression bars must be 12inches.
