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- 1. 噪音污染 Noise pollution makes us become angry more easily. 噪音污染使我們變得更容易發怒。
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This section aims to provide detailed information on the problem of noise and how noise pollution is controlled in Hong Kong. An overview is given below for the quick reference of the audience.
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噪音污染. 噪音問題. 不同人對同一水平的噪音的反應都不一樣。 但要是噪音超過某些水平，便會廣泛影響每位市民。 噪音可導致滋擾、精神壓力和失聰，還會影響生活質素和干擾日常活動，例如影響休息及睡眠、妨礙學生做家課、騷擾我們觀賞電視節目和電話交談。 一如其他國際大都會，香港需要處理噪音的問題。 過量的交通噪音滋擾約68萬市民（詳情請參閱"香港道路交通噪音分佈情況 (只提供圖像版本)"）。 由於過往城市規劃不善，導致發展項目過於密集及公路緊貼民居等棘手的問題。 80及90年代香港經濟蓬勃發展，處處皆是建築工程，交通日趨繁忙，這些亦是噪音問題的源頭。 此外，建築工程、通風系統、防盜警鐘及鄰里所發出不同程度砰砰、轟轟或刺耳的噪音亦影響市民的生活。 未來展望.
- Why is Noise a Problem?As Hong Kong's economy has grown in recent decades, so too has the noise that comes from construction, commercial and industrial sources, and transport in this compact, densely populated city.
- Construction and Renovation Noise。Hong Kong is renowned for its city skyline, which is the result of a very active construction industry.
- Neighbourhood Noise。Neighbourhood noise from domestic premises and public places is restricted under the Noise Control Ordinance.
- Traffic Noise。The Government has made continual efforts in minimising existing traffic noise through providing professional advice to various Government departments on the design of new roads and nearby buildings, as well as retrofitting roadside barriers and resurfacing existing roads with low-noise materials.
Noise pollution, or sound pollution, is the propagation of noise or sound with ranging impacts on the activity of human or animal life, most of which are harmful to a degree. The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines, transport and propagation systems.
- Overview
- Measuring and perceiving loudness
- Effects on humans and wildlife
noise pollution, unwanted or excessive sound that can have deleterious effects on human health, wildlife, and environmental quality. Noise pollution is commonly generated inside many industrial facilities and some other workplaces, but it also comes from highway, railway, and airplane traffic and from outdoor construction activities.
Sound waves are vibrations of air molecules carried from a noise source to the ear. Sound is typically described in terms of the loudness (amplitude) and the pitch (frequency) of the wave. Loudness (also called sound pressure level, or SPL) is measured in logarithmic units called decibels (dB). The normal human ear can detect sounds that range between 0 dB (hearing threshold) and about 140 dB, with sounds between 120dB and 140 dB causing pain (pain threshold). The ambient SPL in a library is about 35 dB, while that inside a moving bus or subway train is roughly 85 dB; building construction activities can generate SPLs as high as 105 dB at the source. SPLs decrease with distance from the source.
The rate at which sound energy is transmitted, called sound intensity, is proportional to the square of the SPL. Because of the logarithmic nature of the decibel scale, an increase of 10 dB represents a 10-fold increase in sound intensity, an increase of 20 dB represents a 100-fold increase in intensity, a 30-dB increase represents a 1,000-fold increase in intensity, and so on. When sound intensity is doubled, on the other hand, the SPL increases by only 3 dB. For example, if a construction drill causes a noise level of about 90 dB, then two identical drills operating side by side will cause a noise level of 93 dB. On the other hand, when two sounds that differ by more than 15 dB in SPL are combined, the weaker sound is masked (or drowned out) by the louder sound. For example, if an 80-dB drill is operating next to a 95-dB dozer at a construction site, the combined SPL of those two sources will be measured as 95 dB; the less intense sound from the compressor will not be noticeable.
Frequency of a sound wave is expressed in cycles per second (cps), but hertz (Hz) is more commonly used (1 cps = 1 Hz). The human eardrum is a very sensitive organ with a large dynamic range, being able to detect sounds at frequencies as low as 20 Hz (a very low pitch) up to about 20,000 Hz (a very high pitch). The pitch of a human voice in normal conversation occurs at frequencies between 250 Hz and 2,000 Hz.
Precise measurement and scientific description of sound levels differ from most subjective human perceptions and opinions about sound. Subjective human responses to noise depend on both pitch and loudness. People with normal hearing generally perceive high-frequency sounds to be louder than low-frequency sounds of the same amplitude. For this reason, electronic sound-level meters used to measure noise levels take into account the variations of perceived loudness with pitch. Frequency filters in the meters serve to match meter readings with the sensitivity of the human ear and the relative loudness of various sounds. The so-called A-weighted filter, for example, is commonly used for measuring ambient community noise. SPL measurements made with this filter are expressed as A-weighted decibels, or dBA. Most people perceive and describe a 6- to 10-dBA increase in an SPL reading to be a doubling of “loudness.” Another system, the C-weighted (dBC) scale, is sometimes used for impact noise levels, such as gunfire, and tends to be more accurate than dBA for the perceived loudness of sounds with low frequency components.
Noise levels generally vary with time, so noise measurement data are reported as time-averaged values to express overall noise levels. There are several ways to do this. For example, the results of a set of repeated sound-level measurements may be reported as L90 = 75 dBA, meaning that the levels were equal to or higher than 75 dBA for 90 percent of the time. Another unit, called equivalent sound levels (Leq), can be used to express an average SPL over any period of interest, such as an eight-hour workday. (Leq is a logarithmic average rather than an arithmetic average, so loud events prevail in the overall result.) A unit called day-night sound level (DNL or Ldn) accounts for the fact that people are more sensitive to noise during the night, so a 10-dBA penalty is added to SPL values that are measured between 10 pm and 7 am. DNL measurements are very useful for describing overall community exposure to aircraft noise, for example.
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Noise is more than a mere nuisance. At certain levels and durations of exposure, it can cause physical damage to the eardrum and the sensitive hair cells of the inner ear and result in temporary or permanent hearing loss, known as noise-induced hearing loss. Hearing loss does not usually occur at SPLs below 80 dBA (eight-hour exposure levels are best kept below 85 dBA), but most people repeatedly exposed to more than 105 dBA will have permanent hearing loss to some extent. In addition to causing hearing loss, excessive noise exposure can raise blood pressure and pulse rates, cause irritability, anxiety, and mental fatigue, and interfere with sleep, recreation, and personal communication. Children living in areas with high levels of noise pollution may suffer from stress and other problems, such as impairments in memory and attention span. Noise pollution control is therefore important in the workplace and in the community.
Noise pollution also impacts wildlife. A wide range of animals, including insects, frogs, birds, and bats, rely on sound for a variety of reasons. Noise pollution can interfere with an animal’s ability to attract a mate, communicate, navigate, find food, or avoid predators and thus can even be an existential threat to vulnerable organisms. The problem of noise pollution is especially serious for marine animals, particularly those that rely on echolocation, such as certain whales and dolphins, and much of the world’s oceans are polluted with chaotic sounds from ships, seismic tests, and oil drills. Some of the loudest and most detrimental sounds in the sea are from naval sonar devices, whose noise can travel hundreds of miles through the water and is associated with mass strandings of whales and dolphins.
2024年10月26日 · Understanding the types of noise pollution is crucial for identifying the root causes and implementing effective mitigation strategies. This section delves into the primary categories of noise pollution, providing comprehensive insights into each type. 1. Man-Made Noise Pollution.
噪音污染 （英語： Noise pollution，也稱 聲音污染 英語： sound pollution）指的是噪音或聲音的傳播，對人類活動或是動物生命產生的各式影響，其中大部分在某種程度上均屬有害。. 世界上室外噪聲主要是由機器、交通運輸和傳播系統所產生。. [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ] 不良的 ...
