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  2. 2021年6月29日 · Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries — already widely used in laptops and smartphones — will be the beating heart of electric vehicles and much else. They are also needed to help power the...

    • Overview
    • Are lithium-ion batteries environmentally friendly?
    • Are lithium batteries safe?

    High-tech and highly efficient batteries have led to many modern technologies that you use in your everyday life. Here's what you need to know about how they work and their environmental safety.

    Workers at a lithium plant in Bolivia use hammers to break up a layer of salt that periodically clogs the pipes transporting brine with lithium into the evaporation pools. Lithium is crucial for powering our modern batteries, but its production harms the local environment.

    At the crest of the Andes in Southwestern Bolivia lies a searing white salt flat called the Salar de Uyuni. Characterized by its vast mirror-like surfaces and dry atmosphere, the flat hides beneath it a precious alkali metal that powers much of the modern world. 

    The Salar de Uyuni is situated in the Lithium Triangle, comprising Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. The region boasts the largest reserves of lithium in the world, which make up the lithium-ion batteries that boot up the electronic devices used by billions around the globe. 

    Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable and used in electric vehicles, smartphones, laptops, electric toothbrushes, and other items. The batteries have several advantages, which make them a market leader over alternatives. 

    A 2021 report in Nature projected the market for lithium-ion batteries to grow from $30 billion in 2017 to $100 billion in 2025.

    Despite their advantages, scientists face a quandary when it comes to the environmental impact of lithium-ion batteries. While it is true that these batteries facilitate renewable energy and produce fewer carbon emissions, it is not without drawbacks. 

    The process of actually obtaining the lithium via mining is destructive to the environment. The question that remains: how to justify the destruction and contamination left by mining in exchange for the precious minerals that enable the green economy.

    Because lithium has a small atomic weight and radius, the batteries have a high voltage and charge storage per unit mass and unit volume. 

    The Department of Energy states “While the battery is discharging and providing an electric current, the anode releases lithium ions to the cathode, generating a flow of electrons from one side to the other. When plugging in the device, the opposite happens: Lithium ions are released by the cathode and received by the anode.”

    One method engineers use to extract lithium is brine extraction, which involves drilling into an underground brine deposit and then pumping the saltwater up to the surface. Then, the brine is sent to evaporation ponds where the water content evaporates, leaving a lithium concentrate that is then extracted.

    However, accounts from the Lithium Triangle about the adverse environmental effects of mining are grave. 

    Lithium batteries are generally considered safe for people and homes, and operate accordingly as long as there isn’t a defect with the battery. Though these kinds of failures are uncommon, lithium ion batteries have caught on fire before. Zheng Chen, nanotechnology professor at the University of California San Diego, notes an instance where a cell phone caught fire on a flight. Teslas too, have caught on fire. In an energy storage station in Monterey, California, lithium batteries themselves have caught fire. 

    When the battery is burning, there will be heat, pressure, and toxic gas released from evaporation. When mixed with wind, those gasses can spread into communities where people live. 

    “This can be a concern if there is not a good mitigation strategy in designing these systems. 

    There have been a few incidents where electric vehicles have caught fire in garages. These are not common, but they have happened.” says Chen. 

    Chen is not convinced that all risk can be eliminated. “Mechanical damage can occur even if we don’t expect it.” 

    To mitigate this risk, The Occupational Safety and Health Administration advises consumers to “remove lithium-powered devices and batteries from the charger once they are fully charged, and store lithium batteries and devices in dry, cool locations.” Also, consumers should “inspect the batteries for signs of damage, and if present, remove it from any area containing flammable material.”

  3. 2024年6月19日 · This article outlines principles of sustainability and circularity of secondary batteries considering the life cycle of lithium-ion batteries as well as material recovery, component reuse, recycling efficiency, environmental impact, and economic viability.

  4. 2020年12月14日 · Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries based on manganese oxide electrode materials are more environmentally friendly than conventional ones but generally suffer from rapid performance...

    • Hooman Yaghoobnejad Asl, Arumugam Manthiram
    • 2021
  5. 2022年9月20日 · Organic rechargeable batteries, which are transition-metal-free, eco-friendly and cost-effective, are promising alternatives to current lithium-ion batteries that could alleviate these mounting...

    • Jihyeon Kim
  6. 1 天前 · Rechargeable solid-state lithium batteries are an emerging technology that could someday power cell phones and laptops for days with a single charge. Offering significantly enhanced energy density, they are a safer alternative to the flammable lithium-ion batteries currently used in consumer electronics — but they are not environmentally friendly.

  7. 2021年1月29日 · Lithium-ion batteries are at the forefront among existing rechargeable battery technologies in terms of operational performance. Considering materials cost, abundance of elements, and toxicity of cell components, there are, however, sustainability concerns for lithium-ion batteries.

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