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The introduction of the 4p was in response to the French silver ‘Gros’ (4 denier) issued by Louis IX (1226-1270), which is why the English 4p became known as the ‘Groat.’. However, the 4p was issued during the first re-coinage between 1279 and 1282 and was not issued again until 1351. Clearly, inflation had taken its toll and the ...
The shortage of silver was also notable and for a brief period prior to 1804, silver Spanish “dollars” and “half-dollars” were counterstamped by the English with either an oval or an octagonal punch incorporating the head of George III. In 1804, the Spanish silver was melted down and reminted as a special issue of the Bank of England.
1519-1579. Sir Thomas Gresham was an English merchant and financier who became the financial Adviser to Queen Elizabeth I (b 1533; 1558–1603) of England. Gresham first articulated this in 1558 for what he is best remembered for Gresham’s Law, which was the statement that “Bad money drives out good.”. Henry VIII (b 1491; 1509-1547 ...
852-874 AD. Burgred was King of Mercia who reigned between 853 and 874 AD. Burgred was the son of BERHTWULF and he was married to Ethelswith, who was the daughter of ETHELWULF of Wessex. During his reign, Burgred conducted several campaigns with the assistance of ETHELWULF against North Wales. Burgred also negotiated two treaties with the ...
1461-1470. Edward IV was the son of Richard, Duke of York. Edward was born at Rouen in the year 1441. When Edward came of age, a fierce struggle between the Houses of York and Lancaster was underway, which would embroil England in a bitter civil war. During this period of turmoil, Edward proved himself to be a man of great courage and military ...
About. Martin Armstrong was born in New Jersey the son of a lawyer and Lt. Col under General Patton in World War II. Martin was encouraged by his father to get involved in computers during the mid-1960s. He completed engineering both in hardware and software but after being offered positions by a government contractor RCA in Thule Greenland ...
Edward I (Longshanks) was the eldest son of Henry III and his queen, Eleanor of Provence. Edward was born in 1239 and at the age of only ten he was named governor of Gascony. In 1254, Edward was married to the Princess Eleanor of Castile. Edward began to take a prominent role in matters of state during the latter part of his father’s reign.
