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南非 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书. 坐标 ：30°S 25°E. 南非共和國 （ 南非語 ： Republiek van Suid-Afrika [rɛpɵˈblik fan səitˈafrikɑː] ；英語： Republic of South Africa ），通稱 南非 （ 南非語 ： Suid-Afrika [səitˈafrikɑː] （ ⓘ ） ；英語： South Africa ），是位於 非洲南端 、南 大西洋 與南 印度洋 交會處的 共和國 [10] [11] 。 南非 國土面積 超過122萬平方公里 [10] [12] ，為 世界第24大的國家 ，在南部沿著南大西洋與南印度洋延伸的 海岸線 長達2,798公里 [11] 。
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA or R.S.A. ), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline that stretches along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; [17] [18] [19] to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe ...
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Suid-Afrika, amptelik die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, is 'n republiek aan die suidpunt van Afrika. Dit grens in die noorde aan Namibië (1 005 km grens ), Botswana (1 969 km grens ) en Zimbabwe (230 km grens ), en in die noordooste aan Mosambiek (496 km grens ) en Eswatini (438 km grens ).
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In 1853 the Volksraad adopted a resolution briefly adopting the name of the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek (South African Republic). The same year, the Volksraad renamed the state to the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek Benoorden de Vaalrivier (South African Republic to the North of the Vaal River). In 1858, the constitution permanently established the nam...
Establishment
The Boer republics emerged when the British had annexed the Cape Colony from the Dutch in 1806, in order to prevent the sea routes to the East (India etc.) from falling to Napoleon. This area was inhabited by the Boers, who, dissatisfied with British rule, decided to leave the colony and move into the hinterland of South Africa in what became the Great Trek. These Boers then settled these lands, becoming farmers. The South African Republic came into existence on 17 January 1852, when the Brit...
British annexation
By the 1870s, the British, and specifically Lord Carnarvon, had adopted the policy of expansionism in South Africa, with the goal of confederating South Africa, in order to solve the problems of a restless frontier and of containing the Boers, which both threatened their colonies of Natal and the Cape of Good Hope. These colonies were absolutely vital in providing a route to India, which was Britain's prime colony. Confederation of the South African region was thought to be very beneficial fo...
Independence
The ZAR became fully independent on 27 February 1884, when the London Convention was signed. The country independently also entered into various agreements with other foreign countries after that date. On 3 November 1884 the country signed a postal convention with the government of the Cape Colony and later a similar convention with the Orange Free State. In November 1859, the independent Republics of Lijdenburg and Utrecht merged with the ZAR. On 9 May 1887, burghers from the territories of...
The constitution of the ZAR was legally interesting for its time. It contained provisions for the division between the political leadership and office bearers in government administration. The legal system consisted of higher and lower courts and had adopted a jury system. Laws were enforced by the South African Republic Police (Zuid Afrikaansche R...
In common with the Orange Free State, the basis of the military of the ZAR was the kommando system under which all able-bodied burghers could be called up for military service under their own elected officers. The men of the kommandos wore no uniforms and had no medals. The basic officer was the field cornet who was elected by the local burghers an...
The language spoken and written by the citizens of the ZAR was a variant of Dutch, locally referred to as Hooghollands. On 3 October 1884, the Volksraad stated that they had reason to believe that in certain schools impure Dutch (in fact an early form of Afrikaans) was being used. The Volksraad issued Proclamation 207 and compelled the Superintende...
War with Mapela and Makapaan, 1854
Hendrik Potgieter was elected at the assembly of 1849 as commandant general for life and it became necessary, to avoid strife, to appoint three commandants general all possessing equal powers.: 41 Commandant General Andries Pretorius became commandant general of the Potchefstroom and Rustenburg districts. On 16 December 1852, Andries died and his son, Piet Pretorius, was appointed as commandant general of the Lydenburg and Zoutpansbergdistricts in his stead. There were some disputes over catt...
Civil War, 1861–1864
Commandant-General Stephanus Schoeman did not accept the Volksraad proclamation of 20 September 1858, under which members of the Reformed Churches of South Africa would be entitled to citizenship of the ZAR. Consequently, Paul Kruger was not accepted as a citizen and disallowed from political intercourse. Acting President van Rensburg called a special meeting of the general council of the Dutch Reformed Church, which then voted in a special resolution to allow members of the Reformed Church a...
Sekhukune War, 1876
In 1876, a war between the ZAR and the Bapedi broke out over cattle theft and land encroachment. The Volksraad declared war on the Pedi leader, Sekhukune, on 16 May 1876. The war only began in July 1876. The president of the ZAR, Burgers led an army of 2000 burghers and was joined by a strong force of Swaziwarriors. The Swazis joined the war to aid Mampuru, who was ousted from his position of chieftain by Sekhukune. One of the early battles occurred at Botsabelo Mission Station on 13 July 187...
The discovery of gold during the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in 1886 changed the economic fortunes of the formerly impoverished ZAR. The city of Johannesburg was founded as a gold mining town in the same year. Within 10 years it grew into the largest city in Southern Africa, surpassing Cape Town.[citation needed] The discovery of gold allowed the const...
The flag of the South African Republic featured three horizontal stripes of red, white and blue (mirroring the flag of the Netherlands) with a vertical green stripe at the hoist, and was known as the Vierkleur (English: "Four colour"). While the only legislation describing the flag required that the green panel be inscribed "Eendracht maakt macht" ...
Waag, Ian van der (January 2005). "Boer Generalship and the Politics of Command". War in History. 12 (1): 15–43. doi:10.1191/0968344505wh306oa. S2CID 220749361.Yap, Melanie; Leong Man, Dianne (1996). Colour, Confusion and Concessions The History of the Chinese in South Africa. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789622094246.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Transvaal". Encyclopædia Britannica(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- 191,789 km² (74,050 sq mi)
- South African pound
Die Stem van Suid-Afrika (Afrikaans: [di ˈstɛm fan sœit ˈɑːfrika], lit. 'The Voice of South Africa'), also known as " The Call of South Africa " or simply " Die Stem " ( Afrikaans: [di ˈstɛm] ), was the national anthem of South Africa during the apartheid era.
- "Die Stem" (English: "The Voice")
- 1926
- Marthinus Lourens de Villiers, 1921
- Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven, 1918 (English version: Collectively, 1952)
Apartheid (/ ə ˈ p ɑːr t (h) aɪ t / ə-PART-(h)yte, especially South African English: / ə ˈ p ɑːr t (h) eɪ t / ə-PART-(h)ayt, Afrikaans: [aˈpartɦɛit] ; transl. "separateness", lit. 'aparthood') was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s.
South Africa (officially called the Republic of South Africa) is a country in the southern region of Africa. About fifty-seven million people live there. South Africa is next to Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Lesotho, and Eswatini . The biggest city of South Africa is Johannesburg. The country has three capitals for different purposes.
